The Divine Rhythm of the Day: Understanding the Zoroastrian Gehs

In our modern world, we are ruled by the clock. Time is a resource to be managed, spent, or saved. But for a Zoroastrian, time is not just a measurement; it is a sacred, living rhythm. Our entire 24-hour day is seen as a cycle of divine energies, a spiritual journey that, if we attune ourselves to it, can elevate our consciousness and bring us closer to Ahura Mazda.

This spiritual "clock" is structured into five distinct periods known as

hs).

The word 'Geh' (from the Pahlavi 'Gas') means a "period" or "watch." Each Geh is not just a block of time but a specific spiritual window, presided over by a different Yazata (a divine angel or spiritual being) and designated for a specific purpose. Following the Gehs is a core discipline of our faith, designed to align our daily actions—from waking to working to sleeping—with the natural cycles of light and darkness, and the spiritual forces that govern them.

Let's explore the profound meaning behind each of these five sacred periods.

The Five Gehs: A Cycle of Light and Consciousness

1. Havan Geh (The Watch of Sunrise)

• Time: From Sunrise to 12:00 PM (Noon).

• Presiding Yazata: Meher (Mithra) Yazata

The Havan Geh begins the moment the sun rises, washing the world in light. It is presided over by Meher Yazata, the divine guardian of light, truth, contracts, and justice. This is the period of work, action, and worldly duty.

Its spiritual preparation actually begins 72 minutes before sunrise, a period known as Hoshbam, or "The Dawn of Consciousness." This is a time of profound stillness, ideal for prayer and meditation before the day's activities begin. The Havan Geh is when we set our intentions for the day, to conduct our affairs with the righteousness (Asha) and truth that Meher Yazata represents.

2. Rapithwin Geh (The Watch of Noon)

• Time: 12:00 PM to 3:00 PM.

• Presiding Yazata: Ardibehesht Ameshaspand

As the sun reaches its zenith, we enter the Rapithwin Geh. This "noon-tide" period is governed by Ardibehesht Ameshaspand, the Amesha Spenta (Archangel) of Highest Truth, Righteousness, and Divine Order. Because Ardibehesht is also associated with healing, this is traditionally the time for the main meal of the day. It's a period to pause, express gratitude (shukr) for our food, and nourish the body, which is the temple of the soul. It is a time of perfect balance and light.

3. Uziran Geh (The Watch of Afternoon)

• Time: 3:00 PM to Sunset.

• Presiding Yazata: Berez Yazata (Behram Yazata)

The Uziran Geh takes us from the heat of the afternoon to the fading light of sunset. It is presided over by Berez Yazata, a "high and exalted" aspect of the spirit of Ahura Mazda, often associated with the victorious Behram Yazata. This is the time to complete our worldly tasks and duties, to finish our work with diligence, and to prepare ourselves for the transition from the world of action (Havan) to the world of introspection (Aiwisruthrem).

4. Aiwisruthrem Geh (The Watch of Evening)

• Time: Sunset to 12:00 AM (Midnight).

• Presiding Yazata: Sarosh Yazata

As darkness falls, we enter the watch of Sarosh Yazata, the powerful guardian of prayer, obedience, and divine consciousness. Sarosh Yazata is our protector, especially during the hours of darkness, guarding our souls from negative influences. This Geh is for family, for chanting our devotional prayers (like the Aiwisruthrem Geh ni Nyaish), and for spiritual reflection. It is a time to enhance our inner consciousness and strengthen our connection to the divine before resting.

5. Ushahin Geh (The Watch of Deep Night)

• Time: 12:00 AM (Midnight) to Sunrise.

• Presiding Yazata: Sarosh Yazata

This is the most spiritually potent time of the day. In the deep stillness and silence of the pre-dawn hours, the Ushahin Geh is also under the protection of Sarosh Yazata. This is the time when the veil between the physical and spiritual worlds is at its thinnest. Our ancestors believed this was the ideal time for advanced prayers, meditation, and "Farazyat" (obligatory) devotions. It is the time to praise Sarosh, to enhance our spiritual consciousness, and to prepare our souls to greet the new dawn.

The Mystery of the Rapithwin: A Tradition of Seasons

A fascinating aspect of our tradition is that the Rapithwin Geh is not observed for the entire year.

• For seven months, from the first day of the New Year (Roj Hormuzd, Mah Farvardin) until the last day of the seventh month (Roj Aneran, Mah Meher), the Rapithwin Geh is fully observed. This is the period of summer and light.

• For the remaining five "winter" months (from Roj Hormuzd, Mah Avan until the last of the Gatha days), the Rapithwin Geh is not observed. During this time, the Havan Geh is extended. We pray the "Second Havan" during the 12 PM to 3 PM period.

Why? This ancient custom dates back to our ancestors' lives in the northern, colder regions of ancient Iran. In winter, the days were much shorter and the sun's warmth (symbolized by Rapithwin) was weaker. It was poetically said that the "Rapithwin" spirit retreated underground to give warmth to the roots of the trees and the waters of the earth.

The return of the Rapithwin period is marked by a beautiful ceremony known as the "Jashan-e-Rapithwan" (or Eejavanu), which consecrates its return on Roj Ardibehesht of Mah Farvardin.

A Note on Time: Why We Still Use "Bombay Time"

You may have heard our priests or elders refer to "Bombay Time" for religious ceremonies. This is not just a matter of nostalgia; it is central to the very concept of the Gehs.

The Gehs are based on the natural solar rhythm—the actual sunrise, solar noon, and sunset in a specific location. When India adopted a single Indian Standard Time (IST), it created a uniform time for civil and railway purposes, but it broke the connection with the local solar time.

For our religious practices, which are bound to nature's clock, this "local time" is what matters. Bombay's local time is approximately 38 minutes and 50 seconds behind IST. This is why a ceremony like an Uthamna, which must be performed in the Uziran Geh (starting at 3:00 PM local time), is often held at 3:39 PM IST.

By observing this, we are not being archaic; we are preserving a centuries-old tradition that insists on true, natural alignment between our prayers and the cosmos.

Conclusion: Sanctifying Every Moment

The system of the five Gehs is a profound spiritual inheritance. It is a daily reminder that every part of our day, from work to rest, is sacred. It is a discipline that, if practiced, can turn our mundane lives into a constant, moving meditation.

By pausing to acknowledge the changing Gehs, we align ourselves with the divine Yazatas, we remain mindful of our duties, and we sanctify the very time we have been given.

Creating Sampoorna (Full Fledged) Mobeds For Our Future lncentivizing Athornan Youth Enrolled At Dadar Athornan Institute

It's a known fact that Mobedi, as a profession/ vocation is undergoing a crisis as never before, due to the dearth of young boys from Athornan families joining priesthood. The number of young boys from Athoman families opting to get admitted to a residential priesttraining institute, and thereafter to take up Mobedi on a fulltime basis, has diminished to a never before extent. Whilst various legitimate reasons are being cited, what is most important is that the future spiritual sustenance essential for

the community is at distinct threat.

It has become need of the hour to create a plan of action that would encourage and motivate Athornan families to enroll their young boys at Dadar Athornan Institute (DAI), the only residential training Institute for priests where they would be trained as Sampooma (Full Fledged) Mobeds, who could in future, provide services to the community, in addition to pursuing vocations of their choice.

DAI (Estb. 1919) by the Athoman Manda I, Mumbai, is the only functional residential priesttraining institute that provides Zoroastrian youth from Athoman families completely gratis training in religious rites and rituals, as well as arranges for their secular education at the well-known and reputed Dadar Parsi Youths Assembly High School. With a view to encourage, motivate and incentivize Athornan boys to enroll at DAI, Trustees of 'Zarin

Neville Sarkari Foundation' (ZNSF) situated at Denver, USA have, in collaboration with The WZO Trust Funds (WZOTF) and DAI, formulated a scheme to incentivize Athornan families to enrol young eligible boys into DAI as boarders for the duration of their religious and secular education studies, up to completion of secondary levels, i.e. Std X (SSC) or XII (HSC). As per the scheme:

An amount of Rs.60,000 per annum will be invested every year by WZOTF, for each Athoman boy enrolled at DAI, who only aftercomoietjng the full term of studies at DAI will be eligible to receive the amount plus compound interest accrued over the years.

To illustrate: A boarder who has enrolled in the Std I, upon leaving DAI after completing the full course

of studies up to Std X/ Std XII, will receive:

Rs. 600,000: (Principal amount@ Rs.60,000 per annum),

Rs. 230 947: (Notional interest compounded@7.05%per annum).

Rs. 830,942: Total

It is clarified that to be eligible for receiving the above incentive, the student enrolled at DAI should have completed their full tenure of both - secular education (Std. X or Std. XII) as well as completed training of Navar & Maratab at DAI. Boarders leaving DAI midway will not be eligible to receive any amount from this scheme.

lt is further clarified thatthe interest worked out is on an assumed basis of the approx. rate of interest currently prevalent and is only for illustration purposes. The actual interest will depend on the interest earned on the corpus created for this purpose. In addition to the actual interest earned, the sum of Rs. 60,000/ - per annum, during the course of his stay at DAI, will bean assured sum to be received by the young Sampoorna (Full Fledged) Mobed. It remains our fond hope that Athornan families will realize that efforts have been consistently on over the years to upgrade incomes of our Mobed Sahebs and will participate in extending support by

admitting their wards to DAI where they will be trained to become Sampoorna (Full Fledged) Mobeds who would serve the spiritual needs of our community.

It is our endeavour to ensure that we as a community have adequate number of Mobeds to serve our religious needs, for which we sincerely request all Athornan and Behdln families to extend a helping hand by kindly sharing details of the scheme with Athornan families they may know who have young boys eligible for admission to DAI.

Lt Cdr Firdaus Darabshah Mogal: A Hero of the Deep

Early Life and Naval Career

Lt Cdr Firdaus Darabshah Mogal, born in Ahmedabad on October 15, 1974, was the eldest of three sons born to Shri Darabshah and Smt Armin. He completed his schooling at the Maneckji Cooper Educational Trust and then embarked on a path of service to his nation by joining the esteemed National Defence Academy in 1992. His journey in the Indian Navy began in 1998 when he was commissioned as a Sub Lieutenant.

Driven by an adventurous spirit, Lt Cdr Mogal chose the challenging path of the submarine arm, excelling in the Basic Submariner course. His distinguished career included key roles such as the Anti-Submarine Warfare Officer on INS Shalki, the Training Coordinator at the Submarine School, and the Executive Officer of INS Shankush. His unwavering commitment, professional acumen, and boundless enthusiasm earned him recognition in 2007 with a commendation from the Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief, Western Naval Command.

The Fateful Day: August 30, 2010

On May 26, 2010, Lt Cdr Mogal took command as the Executive Officer of INS Shankush. During a deployment on August 29, a critical defect emerged, forcing a difficult decision. The only way to continue the mission was to surface and attempt repairs in the open sea, despite the turbulent weather and heavy swells.

The following morning, at the break of dawn, a team of three sailors, led by the Engineering Officer, bravely ventured onto the submarine's casing to address the issue. Suddenly, a monstrous wave crashed against the vessel, sweeping two sailors and the Engineering Officer into the raging sea. Lt Cdr Mogal, instantly grasping the dire situation, reacted with unwavering resolve.

He noticed a third sailor, injured and clinging desperately to the aft casing. Lt Cdr Mogal, without a second thought for his own safety, embarked on a daring rescue. Reaching the sailor, he discovered the man was immobilized due to a leg injury. In an awe-inspiring display of strength and courage, Lt Cdr Mogal hoisted the sailor onto his shoulders and began the perilous journey back to the bridge.

Acts of Bravery and Sacrifice

Battling against the elements, Lt Cdr Mogal defied the relentless waves, torrential rain, and violent rocking of the submarine. For 20 harrowing minutes, he struggled to reach the fin's ladder, the only way to bring the injured sailor to safety. Even this ladder was repeatedly submerged by the unforgiving sea. Yet, Lt Cdr Mogal refused to yield.

With superhuman strength, he ascended the narrow, slippery ladder, the injured sailor still clinging to him. Reaching the bridge, he handed over his precious cargo and immediately turned back to aid the divers in rescuing the remaining men.

The sight of their Executive Officer fighting for their survival ignited hope in the overboard sailors. Lt Cdr Mogal, once again demonstrating unparalleled courage, joined the divers and successfully pulled the struggling men closer to the submarine. But just as they were about to climb aboard, a colossal wave engulfed them all.

When the wave subsided, all six men, including Lt Cdr Mogal, found themselves back in the water. In this dire situation, he remained calm, gathering the men into a huddle and signaling the bridge for assistance. With Lt Cdr Mogal at the helm, they reached the submarine's casing.

Tirelessly, he helped each man climb back on board, even offering his own shoulders as a stepping stone. His unwavering concern for his men compelled him to ensure their safety before his own. Tragically, as he was about to climb up himself, another monstrous wave swept him away, causing severe head injuries.

A Search and Rescue helicopter was summoned, and he was rushed to INS Ashwini Naval Hospital. But despite the best efforts, Lt Cdr Mogal succumbed to his injuries, making the ultimate sacrifice for his comrades.

Legacy of Valor

Lt Cdr Mogal's extraordinary bravery and leadership transcended the call of duty. His selfless act earned him the Shaurya Chakra, a posthumous recognition of his valor and unwavering dedication to the highest traditions of the Indian Navy. He is survived by his parents, his wife, and his son, leaving behind a legacy of courage that will forever be etched in the annals of naval history.

The Citation for the Shaurya Chakra awarded to him reads:-

Lieutenant Commander Firdaus Darabshah Mogal assumed the duties of the Executive Officer of the submarine on 26 May, 2010. On 29 August, 2010, whilst the submarine was en-route for a deployment, a defect was observed on the starboard outer exhaust flap. All attempts to rectify the defect from within the submarine proved futile. At about 0655 hour on 30 August 2010, a team comprising of 3 sailors led by the Engineer Officer of the submarine was sent on the casing for defect rectification. As the team was approaching the flap on the after casing, a strong wave swept two of the sailors and the Engineer Officer overboard. The third sailor was badly injured and was hanging overboard with his storm belt with major abrasive injuries on his leg, Lieutenant Commander Firdaus Darabshah Mogal who was on bridge, immediately realized the gravity of the situation. Since the injured sailor hanging on the after casing was required to be recovered immediately, he himself proceeded to rescue the injured sailor.   After about 20 min of frightening struggle, the officer reached the ladder on the fin that had to be climbed for handing over the injured sailor to bridge. The recovery of the first casualty infused hope in the overboard men to hang on and they looked at their Executive Office for their rescue. He managed to pull the overboard men close to the submarine. Once all were onboard, the officer attempted to climb up and as he was about to reach another wave washed him overboard. It appeared that he had sustained head injuries due to this wave. Realizing this, the ASWO of the submarine proceeded to his rescue. Simultaneously, assistance of a SAR helicopter was called for from Mumbai. Lieutenant Commander Firdaus Darabshah Mogal was rescued by the SAR helicopter and evacuated to INHS Asvini, however he had succumbed to his injuries by then.  Lieutenant Commander Firdaus Darabshah Mogal displayed exceptional courage, unmatched show of fearless valor in the face of death and made supreme sacrifice in saving the lives of six men.

In the memory of Lt Cdr Firdaus D. Mogal:

Submariners training centre at Viskhapatnam has been renamed as “The Firdaus Mogal simulator complex building’ in 2012. INS Satavahana was ‘Lt Cdr Firdaus’ alma  mater and he had  worked towards setting up the ‘Simulator Complex’.

• A portrait of Lt Cdr Firdaus was unveiled in the hall of the Mahuva Parsi Dadgah (a fire   temple) on 26-01-2013. Mahuva (Dist. Surat, Gujarat State) is the native place of ‘Lt Cdr Firdaus. The fire temple was established in 1859.

• On the same day Parsi religion scholar Dr. R. Peer released a small book in Gujarati and English edited by his uncle Dr. Hosang Mogal titled ‘Bhar Bapore  Suryast’ (Sunset at Noon). The aim is to inspire the younger generation to do their duty to the Nation and encourage them to join the country’s defense services.

• The Gram Panchayat of Mahuva named Parsi Mohalla as ‘Lt Cdr Firdaus Mogal   Marg’ on 11-09-2016. On that day the second edition of ‘Bhar Bapore Suryast’ was released by the guests of honour Cmde Aspi Marker (Retd.) and Shri Ganpatsinh Vasava, Minister of Tribal Welfare, Tourism and Forests in Gujarat Government.

• Jay Jawan Nagrik Samiti of Surat celebrates ‘Kargil Vijay Day on 26th July every year. On that day the Samiti invites relatives of those Gujarati who had laid down their life for the Nation. The Samti honours them and also give financial aid to the family of the deceased soldiers. In one such event on 26-07-2011, ‘Lt Cdr Firdaus’ uncle Dr. Hosang Mogel and family attended the function. 

• “Shri Sayaji Vaibhav Sarvajanic Pustakalya and Shri Narendra Parekh Gyandhan” of Navsari (founded in 1898) is very active and dynamic library of Gujarat. The Management of library decided to initiate a lecture series in memory of Late Lt Cdr Firdaus Mogal.On 06-08-2017 it was announced and the Lecture series is named, ‘Shaurya Chakra (Posthumous) awardee  Lt Cdr Firdaus Darabshah Mogal memorial Lecture series’. The library will invite retired or active in service officers of the Indian Armed forces and they will address students of schools and colleges.